DOI

=APA citation for scholarly articles in electronic format=

Online Scholarly Journal Article:

 * Since online materials can potentially change URL's, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL. DOI's are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.
 * Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may "hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an abbreviation of a vendors name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is displayed in a central location on their home page.

Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned:

 * Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Journal, volume number//. doi:0000000/000000000000
 * Brownlie, D. Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. //European Journal of Marketing, 41//(11/12), 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161

Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned:

 * Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL.
 * Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. //Title of Journal, volume number//. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
 * Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. //Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8//. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html


 * If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title.
 * Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. //Social Science Research, 29//, 535-555.

Article From a Database:

 * When referencing material obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of work). This will allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number in parentheses at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required.
 * For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187-192 of the Publication Manual.
 * Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas. //Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8//(3), 120-125.